NYC Great Fire of 1835 - Merchant's Exchange
New York City has seen its share of fires The Great Fires
of 1776 and 1835, The fires set during the Draft Riot, and the Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory Fire, However one of my favorite NYC tours is the Great Fire
of 1835.
The Great New
York Fire of 1835 destroyed the New York Stock Exchange and most of the
buildings on the southeast tip of Manhattan, New York City around Wall Street
on December 16–17, 1835.
The fire began in the evening in a five-story warehouse
at 25 Merchant Street at the
intersection with Pearl Street between Hanover Square and Wall Street in the
snow-covered city and was fed by gale-force winds blowing from the northwest
towards the East River. With temperatures as low as −17 °F (−27 °C) and the
East River frozen solid, firefighters had to cut holes in the ice to get water.
Water then froze in the hoses and pumps. Attempts to blow up buildings in its
path (a technique later regarded as counterproductive) were thwarted by a lack
of gunpowder in Manhattan. Firefighters coming to help from Philadelphia said
they could see signs of the fire there.
About 2 a.m. Marines returned with gunpowder from the
Brooklyn Navy Yard and blew up buildings in the fire's path. By then it covered
50 acres, 17 blocks of the city, destroying between 530 and 700 buildings. The
area is now reported as Coenties Slip in the south to Maiden Lane in the north
and from William Street in the west to the East River. The losses were
estimated at twenty million dollars, which, in today's value would be hundreds
of millions. Two people were killed. Many of the stores were new, with iron
shutters and doors and copper roofs, and in burning presented the appearance of
immense iron furnaces in full blast. The heat at times melted the copper
roofing, and the liquid ran off in great drops. The gale blew towards the East
River. Wall after wall was heard tumbling like an avalanche. Fiery tongues of
flame leaped from roof and windows along whole streets, and seemed to be making
angry dashes at each other. The water of the bay looked like a vast sea of
blood. The bells rang for a while and then ceased. Both sides of Pearl Street
and Hanover Square were at the same instant in the jaws of the hungry monster.
An investigation did not assess blame and reported that
the cause of the fire was a burst gas pipe that was ignited by a coal stove
Since the fire occurred in the middle of an economic boom
caused by the recent opening of the Erie Canal, the destroyed wooden buildings
were quickly replaced by larger stone and brick ones that were less prone to
widespread major fires. The fire also prompted construction of a new municipal
water supply, now known as the Old Croton Aqueduct, and a reform and expansion
of the fire service. As a result, this was the last great fire of New York.
Still, the insurance companies who lost buildings in the fire decided
rebuilding was not worth the risk, and moved operations to Hartford,
Connecticut. Today, Hartford is still known as the "Insurance Capital of
the World."
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